Viet Nam's Law on E-commerce

LAW

ON E-COMMERCE

Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, as amended and supplemented by Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;

The National Assembly hereby promulgates the Law on E-Commerce.

Chapter I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Scope of regulation

This Law provides for e-commerce development policies; e-commerce platforms and responsibilities of organizations and individuals in e-commerce activities; foreign-related e-commerce; responsibilities of organizations providing e-commerce support services; and application of technology in management and handling of violations in e-commerce.

Article 2. Subjects of application

This Law applies to domestic and foreign organizations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam.

Article 3. Interpretation of terms

In this Law, the terms below shall be construed as follows:

1. E-commerce activity means commercial activity conducted in whole or in part through electronic means.

2. E-commerce platform means a digital platform established to conduct e-commerce activities, including: direct business e-commerce platforms, intermediary e-commerce platforms, e-commerce social networks, and integrated e-commerce platforms.

3. Direct business e-commerce platform means an e-commerce platform established by an organization or individual to directly sell goods or supply services.

4. Intermediary e-commerce platform means an e-commerce platform allowing other organizations and individuals to register accounts to introduce, sell goods, or supply services on such platform.

5. E-commerce social network means a social network integrated with at least one of the functions of online communication, online ordering, or sales livestreaming to support contract execution and e-commerce activities.

6. Integrated e-commerce platform means an e-commerce platform that allows the integration of other e-commerce platforms on itself, excluding platforms that only provide e-commerce support services or online communication for the integrated e-commerce platform itself.

7. E-commerce platform owner means an organization or individual having the right to manage, operate, and be responsible for the overall operations of such platform.

8. Online ordering function means a function of an e-commerce platform that allows the execution of electronic contracts on such platform.

9. Online communication function means a function of an e-commerce platform that allows parties to exchange information via text messages, images, videos, voice messages, voice calls, or video calls.

10. Sales livestreaming means live and online broadcasting on an e-commerce platform to transmit audio and visual content to advertise and introduce goods or services, and allow ordering through the online ordering function on such platform.

11. Sales livestreamer means a person directly appearing on an e-commerce platform to conduct sales livestreaming.

12. Affiliate marketing service in e-commerce means the advertising of goods and services through links, referral codes, or similar methods linked to an e-commerce platform.

13. Organization or individual providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce means an organization or individual creating links, referral codes, or similar methods to link with an e-commerce platform.

14. Affiliate marketer in e-commerce means a person introducing goods and services on digital platforms through links, referral codes, or similar methods created by an organization or individual providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce.

15. E-contract certification service in commerce means a third-party service for storing and certifying the integrity of electronic contracts.

16. Automated contract means an electronic contract executed through an automated information system.

Article 4. Application of Law on E-Commerce and relevant laws

1. E-commerce activities in Viet Nam shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Law, the Law on Commerce, other relevant legal provisions, and international treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is a signatory.

2. Banking services, payment intermediary services, securities services on digital platforms, commodity exchanges, and application stores on the network shall comply with relevant legal provisions and are not subject to the provisions of this Law.

3. Organizations providing payment services or payment intermediary services supporting e-commerce on digital platforms shall comply with Article 35 of this Law and other relevant legal provisions.

Article 5. Principles of e-commerce activities

1. Organizations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities have the right to freely agree upon basic principles in commercial activities, without violating prohibitions of law or contrary to social morality, to establish, perform, and terminate rights and obligations of each party in the activities.

2. Subjects participating in e-commerce activities shall comply with the provisions of this Law, laws on services, product and goods quality, standards, technical regulations, data, cybersecurity, advertising, taxation, consumer rights protection, competition, and other relevant legal provisions.

3. E-commerce activities are geographically unrestricted, except where organizations or individuals restrict their geographical scope themselves or where otherwise provided by law.

4. In cases where owners of intermediary e-commerce platforms or e-commerce social networks provide information regarding goods and services of sellers to consumers on the platform, such owner acts as a third party in providing information in accordance with consumer rights protection law.

5. Business operations in sectors listed under conditional business investment sectors on e-commerce platforms shall comply with this Law and laws governing conditional business investment sectors.

6. E-commerce dispute resolution shall be conducted through negotiation, mediation, commercial arbitration, courts, or other dispute resolution methods.

Article 6. Prohibited acts in e-commerce activities

1. Committing fraudulent or deceptive acts on e-commerce platforms.

2. Conducting business or facilitating others to conduct business on e-commerce platforms involving illegal services, prohibited goods, counterfeit goods, goods infringing intellectual property rights, smuggled goods, goods of unknown origin, expired goods, or goods violating legal provisions on product quality and other relevant legal provisions.

Article 7. State management of e-commerce

1. State management contents regarding e-commerce shall include:

a) Formulating, promulgating, and organizing the implementation of legal normative documents on e-commerce; national e-commerce development policies in each period;

b) Disseminating and publishing policies and laws on e-commerce;

c) Managing and supervising organizations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities; building, managing, operating, and exploiting the E-Commerce Activity Management System;

d) Reporting and compiling statistical data on e-commerce; research and application of science and technology in e-commerce; managing, supervising, and developing the e-commerce market;

dd) Inspecting, resolving complaints, and handling violations of e-commerce law;

e) Training, nurturing, and developing human resources for e-commerce activities;

g) International cooperation in e-commerce.

2. The Government shall perform unified state management of e-commerce.

Article 8. International cooperation in e-commerce

1. International cooperation activities in e-commerce shall be conducted on the principles of compliance with Vietnamese law, international treaties, and international agreements on e-commerce to which the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is a signatory, on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, and respect for independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.

2. International cooperation activities in e-commerce shall include:

a) Signing and implementing international treaties and agreements, and joining regional and international organizations on e-commerce;

b) Developing and implementing joint e-commerce programs and projects within bilateral, multilateral, regional, and international framework agreements;

c) Implementing initiatives to promote cross-border e-commerce cooperation; participating in drafting regional and international rules and standards on e-commerce.

Chapter II

E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

Article 9. State policies on e-commerce development

1. The State shall establish mechanisms and policies to develop the domestic e-commerce market, promote the circulation of goods and services, enhance competitive capacity, and protect the lawful rights and interests of consumers and other entities in e-commerce.

2. The State shall support and develop cross-border e-commerce, expand international markets for Vietnamese goods and services, ensure compliance with international treaties to which Viet Nam is a signatory, and protect national security, sovereignty, and interests.

3. The State shall encourage new e-commerce business models; promote innovation, creating favorable conditions for organizations and individuals to research and apply e-commerce in production, business, and consumption.

4. The State shall encourage investment and construction of e-commerce infrastructure, including digital, logistics, payment, and other infrastructure to comprehensively complete the e-commerce ecosystem.

5. The State shall adopt e-commerce development policies aligned with national orientations and strategies on green and sustainable growth.

6. The State shall focus on training, developing, and upgrading human resources for e-commerce to meet requirements of e-commerce development, innovation, and national digital transformation.

7. The State shall allocate resources from the state budget and other lawful financial sources pursuant to law to support e-commerce development programs and tasks.

8. The Government shall designate National E-Commerce Day and organize responsive activities.

Article 10. Subjects and special support policies for e-commerce development

1. Subjects entitled to special support mechanisms and policies for e-commerce development shall include:

a) Business households and innovative startup individuals;

b) Cooperatives and cooperative unions operating in the production and processing of agricultural products and traditional trades;

c) Women-owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs); enterprises employing a large proportion of persons with disabilities;

d) Persons with disabilities;

dd) Individuals belonging to ethnic minority groups;

e) Organizations headquartered, and individuals residing in mountainous, border, island areas, or regions with difficult or exceptionally difficult socio-economic conditions as prescribed by law.

2. Special support policies for subjects specified in Clause 1 of this Article shall include:

a) Support for digital infrastructure connection costs and setting up storefronts on e-commerce platforms;

b) Free or subsidized e-commerce training and skill courses;

c) Support for administrative procedures;

d) Facilitating access to preferential policies on national digital transformation and innovation promotion programs;

dd) Establishing model e-commerce projects in ethnic minority, mountainous, border, and island regions, and areas with difficult or exceptionally difficult socio-economic conditions.

3. Based on needs and socio-economic conditions in each period, the Government and provincial-level local authorities shall detail the target groups, scope, and specific policies specified in Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article.

Chapter III

E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS IN E-COMMERCE ACTIVITIES

Section 1. PUBLIC INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ON E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS

Article 11. Public information disclosure on operating conditions and transaction terms on e-commerce platforms

1. Basic contents regarding operating conditions to be publicly disclosed on e-commerce platforms shall include:

a) Information on the e-commerce platform owner;

b) Privacy policy;

c) Rights and obligations of all parties;

d) Procedures for receiving and resolving feedback, requests, and complaints.

2. Public disclosures on e-commerce platforms specified in Clause 1 of this Article must be placed in a prominent position on the platform, presented in Vietnamese, clear, unambiguous, not in violation of statutory prohibitions, not contrary to social morality, ensuring equality among parties, and compliant with civil, commercial, advertising, competition, consumer protection, and other relevant laws.

3. E-commerce platforms with online ordering functions shall comply with Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article, and publicly disclose the following transaction terms:

a) General contents for goods and services: price policies, including prices of goods/services provided on the platform, service fees on the platform; conditions or restrictions on selling goods or providing services, including time and geographical limits; payment policies; display priority policies; operating rules for sales livestreaming;

b) Contents for goods shall apply Point a of this Clause plus delivery, return, and refund policies;

c) Contents for services shall apply Point a of this Clause plus service provision methods, service termination, and refund policies.

4. E-commerce platforms must provide a mechanism for users to express consent to contents in Clause 1 of this Article prior to opening an account.

5. The Government shall elaborate on Clauses 1 and 3 of this Article.

Article 12. Ordering on e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions

1. E-commerce platforms with online ordering functions must display contract execution terms clearly, fully, and accurately, and provide a mechanism allowing buyers, prior to ordering, to express consent to terms in Clause 3 of Article 11 and the following contents:

a) Goods or services, quantities, and types;

b) Methods and timelines for delivery or service provision;

c) Applicable promotional forms;

d) Itemized payable amounts, including product value, taxes, shipping costs, and other fees;

dd) Payment methods.

2. E-commerce platforms with online ordering functions must provide a mechanism allowing buyers to review and modify items specified in Points a, b, c, and dd of Clause 1 prior to placing an order.

3. After ordering, terms specified in Clause 1 must remain displayed and accessible from the buyer's account.

Article 13. Automated contract execution on e-commerce platforms

1. E-commerce platforms integrated with automated e-contract execution systems must display contents specified in Clause 1 of Article 12 prior to contract execution.

2. Owners of integrated automated platforms shall be responsible for technical conditions, ensuring automated contract execution, performance, and termination are transparent, secure, traceable, and stored.

3. After ordering, terms specified in Clause 1 must remain displayed and accessible from the buyer's account.

Section 2. MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS

Article 14. Management and operation of e-commerce platforms

1. Owners of direct business e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions shall notify competent state agencies prior to operation, except as provided in Clause 3 of this Article.

2. Owners of intermediary platforms, e-commerce social networks, and integrated platforms must be legal entities established under Vietnamese law, meet the conditions for management and operation of e-commerce platforms, and register with competent state agencies prior to operation, except as provided in Clause 3 of this Article.

3. Owners of foreign e-commerce platforms operating in Viet Nam shall comply with Clause 1 of Article 28 of this Law.

4. The Government shall elaborate on management and operation conditions; authority, order, and procedures for notification, amendment, supplementation, and termination of notifications; authority, order, and procedures for registration, amendment, supplementation, and termination of platform registrations.

Article 15. Responsibilities of e-commerce platform owners

1. Platform owners shall execute the following responsibilities:

a) Publicly, accurately, and clearly disclose contents and organize execution pursuant to Article 11 of this Law;

b) Submit periodic online reports via the E-Commerce Activity Management System or upon request by competent regulatory bodies;

c) Implement measures to inspect, review, remove, and handle illegal business practices promptly upon detection or feedback;

d) Comply with requests from competent state agencies in dispute resolution, complaint processing, investigation, and violation handling;

dd) Disclose main selection criteria when algorithms or measures are used to restrict or prioritize display of goods/services.

2. Owners of platforms with online ordering functions shall fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of this Article and Article 12. For e-commerce platforms with integrated automated contract execution systems, owners shall fulfill Clause 1 and Article 13.

3. Intermediary platform owners and e-commerce social networks with online ordering functions classified as large digital platforms under consumer protection law shall the responsibilities specified in Clause 2 of this Article and report removal results online via the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

4. The Government shall elaborate on this Article.

Article 16. Responsibilities of direct business e-commerce platform owners

1. Direct business platform owners shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Article 15 of this Law;

b) Publicly disclose documentation proving compliance with conditional business investment requirements;

c) Publicly disclose full service information under relevant laws; product quality information under quality laws; mandatory label details, excluding unique label information such as production date, expiry date, batch number, frame/engine number;

d) Ensure accessibility to goods/service data published on the platform for at least 01 year from publishing.

2. Direct business platform owners with online ordering functions shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Maintain accessibility to information and data regarding executed contracts for at least 03 years from contract execution, except for cases specified in Point c;

c) Innovative small and medium-sized enterprises, micro-enterprises, and business households shall maintain contract data accessibility for at least 01 year from execution;

d) Accept returned goods if supplied goods do not match notified, published, listed, advertised, or committed specifications;

dd) Upon detecting defective goods under consumer protection laws, e-commerce platform owners shall publicly disclose notice on the platform, directly notify buyers, conduct recalls/handling, and pay damages pursuant to law.

Article 17. Responsibilities of intermediary e-commerce platform owners

1. Intermediary platform owners shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Article 15 of this Law;

b) Fulfill intermediary digital platform responsibilities under electronic transactions and consumer protection laws;

c) Perform electronic identity verification in accordance with this Law and relevant laws before allowing sellers to sell goods. Foreign sellers shall be verified via legal documents;

d) Publicly disclose information specified in Point b Clause 1 and Point c Clause 2 of Article 21 provided by sellers;

dd) Moderate seller-generated goods/service listings prior to display to prevent illegal sales, counterfeits, intellectual property infringements, smuggled or origin-unknown goods;

e) Maintain accessibility to published listings data for at least 01 year from publication on e-commerce platforms.

2. Intermediary platform owners with online ordering functions shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Accept returned goods if supplied goods do not match listings or agreements. Returned goods handling shall comply with civil law;

c) Upon detecting defective goods under consumer protection law, the owners shall have to publish recall notices, directly notify buyers, and coordinate return points per seller agreements. Defect handling and compensation shall comply with civil and consumer protection laws;

d) Provide necessary information to support involved parties during feedback, complaint, or dispute processing;

dd) Provide toools for sellers to access accounts and download goods/services and contract data. If seller accounts are suspended or terminated, grant access to download contract data executed within 03 years prior to suspension/termination;

e) Immediately suspend or terminate sellers' accounts upon request by competent state agencies;

g) Notify sellers at least 05 days prior to suspension, termination, or imposing restrictions on sellers' accounts for valid reasons, except under Point e;

h) Allow buyers to rate and review sellers and products; display review results fully and accurately, unless reviews violate law or social morality;

i) Maintain accessibility to contract data for at least 03 years from contract execution;

k) Be liable for damages or jointly liable if non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of this Article causes damage to buyers. Compensation shall comply with civil law.

3. Intermediary platform owners with online ordering functions classified as large digital platforms shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 2 of this Article;

b) Maintain an online feedback and complaint handling system on the platform pursuant to Clause 4 of this Article;

c) Maintain automated review, warning, and removal systems for illegal listings; enforce repeat-offender prevention measures based on terms of operations published on the platform;

d) Provide transaction data and algorithm descriptions (design, logic, functionality, simulations) directly related to suspected violations upon request by competent state agencies;

dd) If partnering with payment or logistics providers, publicly disclose such partner information; display qualifying service providers transparently; and allow buyers to select payment/logistics options.

4. Online feedback/complaint handling systems on platforms must:

a) Be easily accessible, user-friendly, and trackable;

b) Process claims promptly and non-discriminatorily based on e-transaction evidence and relevant law;

c) Promptly confirm receipt and outline resolution workflows;

d) Ensure decisions rely on human oversight rather than purely automated processing.

5. The Government shall elaborate on this Article.

Article 18. Responsibilities of e-commerce social network owners

1. E-commerce social network owners shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Article 15 of this Law;

b) Allow sellers to choose sellers' accounts upon registration and publicly display seller badges.

2. E-commerce social network owners whose online communication functions integrate contract confirmation notifications or supporting tools shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of Article 17 of this Law;

c) Maintain mechanisms to store contract data for at least 03 years from the date of execution.

3. E-commerce social network owners with sales livestreaming or online ordering functions shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 2 of Article 17 of this Law;

c) Separate e-commerce content linked to online ordering into distinct sections on the platform.

4. E-commerce social network owners with online ordering functions classified as large digital platforms shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 3 of this Article;

b) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 3 of Article 17 of this Law.

5. The Government shall elaborate on this Article.

Article 19. Responsibilities of integrated e-commerce platform owners

1. Integrated platform owners shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Article 15 of this Law;

b) Refrain from integrating platforms publicly flagged for violations on the E-Commerce Activity Management System;

c) Clearly inform users of integrated platform names, rights, obligations, complaint reception and resolution mechanisms, and obtain user consent prior to each access;

d) Establish technical, security, and data access/control criteria compliant with data laws;

dd) Provide tools allowing integrated platforms to access and use data created on the integrated platform;

e) Remove integrated platforms upon request by competent state agencies regarding legal violations or suspected violations;

g) Store inter-platform data exchanges for at least 03 years;

h) Connect online with the E-Commerce Activity Management System to update integrated platform lists.

2. Integrated platform owners classified as large digital platforms shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Not require integrated platforms to use mandatory internal services unless under clear, transparent agreements;

c) Not restrict integrated platforms from conducting business or contracting with external platforms.

3. The Government shall elaborate on this Article.

Article 20. Responsibilities of integrated platforms operating on integrated e-commerce platforms

1. Fulfill platform owner responsibilities under Articles 16, 17, and 18 corresponding to their specific platform model.

2. Notify the hosting integrated platform immediately upon detecting technical errors in data permissions, access, control, or processing to enable remediation under Government rules.

Article 21. Responsibilities of sellers on intermediary platforms and e-commerce social networks

1. Sellers on intermediary platforms or social networks lacking online ordering functions shall:

a) Provide identity verification information to platform owners;

b) Provide business/household registration details, corporate addresses, or personal residential addresses to platform owners;

c) Publicly disclose service details, product quality information, and mandatory labeling information (excluding unique parameters like production date, expiry, batch, frame/engine number);

d) Supply e-commerce activity data upon request by state agencies.

2. Sellers on intermediary platforms or social networks with online ordering functions shall:

a) Fulfill responsibilities under Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Use only their registered payment accounts on the platform;

c) Provide proof of meeting conditional business requirements to platform owners prior to selling goods and providing services;

d) Provide defect notifications to platform owners to publish warnings, initiate recalls, process returns, and compensate damages in accordance with the law on consumer protection and other provisions of relevant laws.

Section 3. SALES LIVESTREAMING AND AFFILIATE MARKETING

Article 22. Responsibilities of e-commerce platform owners in livestreaming sales activities

1. Publicly disclose the operating regulations for livestreaming sales activities on the e-commerce platform, including control and prevention measures.

2. Establish mechanisms to receive and resolve feedback, requests, and complaints from viewers during livestreaming sales activities, and ensure that viewers are able to utilize these mechanisms throughout and after the conclusion of the sale livestream.

3. Provide tools allowing livestreamers to display warning content when livestreaming goods or services that pose risks to safety, or adversely affect the life, health, or property of buyers, in accordance with the law.

4. Perform electronic identity verification of livestreamers pursuant to this Law and the law on electronic identification and authentication prior to permitting sale livestreaming. Where a livestreamer is a foreign national, verify their identity using legal documents.

5. Require sellers to provide written approvals of advertisement content for goods and services that, under the law, require written approval of advertisement content prior to permitting sale livestreaming.

6. Cease live broadcasting, and remove displayed information and links immediately upon discovery or upon request by competent state authorities in the following cases:

a) The livestream content violates the law, or contains language, images, attire, or conduct contrary to social ethics and fine customs;

b) Livestreaming goods prohibited from circulation or goods temporarily suspended from market circulation upon request by competent state authorities; or goods and services prohibited from advertisement under the law on advertising;

c) Livestreaming goods or services requiring written approval of advertisement content under the law when no such written approval has been issued by competent state authorities.

7. Store and ensure accessibility to visual and audio data of livestreaming sales activities for at least 01 year from the start of the broadcast.

Article 23. Responsibilities of sellers in livestreaming sales activities

1. Prior to conducting livestreaming sales, sellers shall fully provide the livestreamer with the following supporting documents:

a) Documents proving compliance with business investment conditions for conditional business sectors prior to livestreaming;

b) Documents proving compliance with product and goods quality standards in accordance with the law on product and goods quality.

2. For goods and services requiring written approval of advertisement content under the law prior to advertising, sellers shall provide such written approval to both the platform owner and the livestreamer before livestreaming. Livestream sales content must strictly align with the approved advertisement content.

3. Cease cooperation, stop live broadcasting, and remove displayed information immediately upon discovery or upon request by competent state authorities regarding unlawful acts.

Article 24. Responsibilities of livestreamers

1. Provide information to the e-commerce platform owner to facilitate identity verification of the livestreamer.

2. Comply with the operating regulations for livestreaming sales publicly disclosed on the platform throughout the livestream process.

3. Refuse cooperation when sellers fail to fully provide the information specified in Clauses 1 and 2, Article 23 of this Law.

4. Refrain from providing fraudulent or misleading information regarding benefits, origin, quality, price, sales promotions, warranties, and other matters related to the goods or services.

5. Implement advertising content approved by competent state authorities for goods and services subject to mandatory approval of advertisement content under the law.

6. Refrain from using language, images, attire, or conduct contrary to social ethics and fine customs during livestreaming sales.

7. Cease cooperation, stop live broadcasting, and remove displayed information immediately upon discovery or upon request by the seller or competent state authorities regarding unlawful acts.

Article 25. Responsibilities of organizations and individuals providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce

1. Prior to establishing access links, referral codes, or similar methods, affiliate marketing service providers shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) Perform electronic identity verification of affiliates in accordance with the law on electronic identification and authentication before permitting affiliate marketing. Where the affiliate is a foreign national, verify their identity using legal documents;

b) Refuse service provision for goods and services prohibited from business investment; goods and services on digital platforms operating multi-level marketing without a multi-level marketing registration certificate; or upon request by competent state authorities; and goods and services publicly announced by competent state authorities as violating the law on the E-commerce Management System.

2. For established access links, referral codes, or similar methods, affiliate marketing service providers shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) Block and remove links for goods and services violating the law upon discovery or upon request by competent state authorities;

b) Provide information on affiliate marketing activities in e-commerce upon request by state e-commerce management authorities.

Article 26. Responsibilities of affiliates in e-commerce

1. Prior to conducting affiliate marketing, e-commerce affiliates shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) Provide information to affiliate marketing service providers to serve identity verification;

b) Refuse affiliate marketing on digital platforms publicly announced by competent state authorities as violating laws on national security, public order, and social safety, or on digital platforms operating multi-level marketing without a multi-level marketing registration certificate;

c) Refuse affiliate marketing tied to content containing language, images, attire, or conduct contrary to social ethics and fine customs.

2. For established access links, referral codes, or similar methods, e-commerce affiliates shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) Remove links for goods and services violating the law or upon request by competent state authorities;

b) Provide information on affiliate marketing activities in e-commerce upon request by state e-commerce management authorities.

Chapter IV

E-COMMERCE INVOLVING FOREIGN ELEMENTS

Article 27. Foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam

1. A foreign e-commerce platform engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam is a foreign platform owned by a foreign organization legally operating under foreign law that provides a feature allowing the selection of Vietnamese as the display language, uses the Viet Nam country-code top-level domain ".vn", or reaches the transaction threshold with buyers in Viet Nam; excluding direct business e-commerce platforms without online ordering functions.

2. The owner of a foreign direct business e-commerce platform with online ordering functions under Clause 1 of this Article shall appoint an authorized legal entity in Viet Nam prior to enabling the Vietnamese language display, using the ".vn" domain, or after reaching the transaction threshold with buyers in Viet Nam, unless otherwise provided by law.

3. Owners of foreign intermediary e-commerce platforms without online ordering functions, or social networks with e-commerce activities lacking online ordering functions under Clause 1 of this Article, shall appoint an authorized representative in Viet Nam prior to enabling the Vietnamese language display or using the ".vn" domain, and satisfying conditions for e-commerce platform management and operation.

4. Owners of foreign intermediary e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions, social networks with e-commerce activities having online ordering functions, or integrated e-commerce platforms under Clause 1 of this Article shall establish a legal entity in Viet Nam prior to enabling the Vietnamese language display, using the ".vn" domain, or after reaching the transaction threshold with buyers in Viet Nam, unless otherwise provided by law.

5. Where international treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is a signatory commit to prohibiting requirements for establishing legal entities, owners of intermediary e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions, social networks with e-commerce activities having online ordering functions, or integrated e-commerce platforms shall not be required to comply with Clause 4 of this Article, but shall fulfill the following:

a) Appoint an authorized legal entity in Viet Nam;

b) Make an escrow deposit at a commercial bank in Viet Nam or a branch of a foreign bank in Viet Nam to pay compensation to consumers and fulfill financial obligations to the State of Viet Nam;

c) Comply with conditions for e-commerce platform management and operation.

6. Owners of foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam under Clause 1 of this Article shall perform registration procedures with competent state authorities.

7. The Government shall detail the transaction thresholds with buyers in Viet Nam; conditions for managing and operating e-commerce platforms; escrow deposit requirements; as well as the competence, order, and procedures for registration, modification, supplementation, and termination of registration for foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam.

Article 28. Responsibilities of foreign e-commerce platform owners, sellers, livestreamers, and affiliates on foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam

1. Owners of foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam under Article 27 of this Law shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) Responsibilities specified in Articles 16, 17, 18, 19, and 22 of this Law corresponding to each e-commerce platform model;

b) Represent foreign sellers on foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam to resolve feedback, requests, and complaints from buyers regarding goods and services provided by foreign sellers under this Law and other relevant laws.

2. Sellers on foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 21 and Article 23 of this Law.

3. Livestreamers on foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 24 of this Law.

4. Affiliates on foreign e-commerce platforms engaging in e-commerce activities in Viet Nam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 26 of this Law.

Article 29. Responsibilities of authorized representatives in Viet Nam for intermediary e-commerce platforms without online ordering functions and social networks with e-commerce activities without online ordering functions

Authorized representatives in Viet Nam under Clause 3, Article 27 of this Law shall perform the following responsibilities:

1. Be authorized to carry out legal procedures regarding e-commerce activities with competent state authorities;

2. Comply with requests from competent state authorities in resolving disputes and complaints, as well as investigating and handling legal violations;

3. Submit periodic online reports through the E-commerce Management System or upon request by competent state authorities.

Article 30. Responsibilities of authorized legal entities in Viet Nam for direct business e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions, intermediary e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions, and social networks with e-commerce activities having online ordering functions

1. Authorized legal entities in Viet Nam under Clause 2 and Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law must be authorized to perform the following responsibilities:

a) Carry out legal procedures regarding e-commerce activities with competent state authorities;

b) Perform inspections, reviews, and prompt handling upon discovering or receiving reports of legal violations; remove information on infringing goods and services from the moment of receiving requests from competent state authorities as prescribed by the Government;

c) Coordinate the resolution of feedback, requests, and complaints regarding goods and services from buyers in Viet Nam;

d) Receive information and coordinate the handling of goods provided by sellers that do not conform to the content notified, published, listed, advertised, introduced, contracted, or committed on the platform;

dd) Upon discovering defective goods as defined by consumer protection law, request platform owners to publicly announce information on the platform, directly notify buyers, and coordinate product recalls. The determination of liability, handling of defective goods, and compensation for damages shall comply with civil law and consumer protection law;

e) Perform the responsibilities of platform owners specified under this Law, laws on data, cybersecurity, product and goods quality, advertising, consumer protection, and other relevant legal provisions.

2. Authorized legal entities in Viet Nam under Clause 2 and Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law shall perform the following responsibilities toward competent state authorities:

a) Comply with requests from competent state authorities in resolving disputes and complaints, as well as investigating and handling legal violations;

b) Submit periodic online reports through the E-commerce Management System or upon request by competent state authorities.

Article 31. Responsibilities of authorized legal entities for foreign integrated platforms

1. Authorized legal entities under Clause 5 of Article 27 shall be empowered to:

a) Fulfill responsibilities specified in Point a Clause 1 of Article 30;

b) Comply with regulations on cross-border data transfer, processing, and personal data protection;

c) Execute responsibilities under data and cybersecurity laws.

2. Authorized legal entities shall execute duties with state agencies as specified in Clause 2 of Article 30 of this Law.

Article 32. Foreign investment in e-commerce

1. Managing and operating intermediary e-commerce platforms, e-commerce social networks, and integrated platforms are conditional market-access business sectors listed under sectors with restricted market access for foreign investors under investment law.

2. The Government shall detail market access conditions for foreign investors specified in Clause 1 of this Article.

Chapter V

RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING E-COMMERCE SUPPORT SERVICES

Article 33. Responsibilities of technical infrastructure support service providers

1. Block illegal activities immediately upon request by competent state agencies pursuant to Government rules.

2. Deny service to e-commerce platforms publicly listed as law offenders on the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

Article 34. Responsibilities of e-commerce support service providers

1. Establish mechanisms to verify shipping documents prior to transport; execute shipping contracts legally; refuse transport for prohibited, origin-unknown, or infringing goods upon discovery or state demand.

2. Coordinate with platform owners and state agencies to inspect and process smuggling, fraud, counterfeiting, or IP violations; suspend logistics services for suspected illegal goods per Government rules.

3. Supply logistics data upon state agency request for regulatory monitoring.

4. Deny service to e-commerce platforms publicly listed as law offenders on the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

5. If collecting payments on delivery (COD) per agreements, provide corporate payment account details for buyer selection.

6. Enable shipment tracking tools (warehouse locations, dispatch, delivery times) for buyers and sellers.

7. Provide logistics operation data upon request by e-commerce management authorities.

Article 35. Responsibilities of payment and intermediary payment service providers

1. Provide transaction details regarding payment fraud, tax evasion, smuggling, prohibited items, counterfeits, or IP infringements upon request by state agencies.

2. Deny service to platforms publicly listed as law offenders on the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

3. Digital platforms providing payment/intermediary payment services that integrate other e-commerce platforms shall fulfill Clauses 1 and 2, and:

a) Clearly notify users of integrated platform names, rights, obligations, complaint resolution mechanisms, and obtain explicit consent prior to each access;

b) Establish mechanisms for buyers to send feedback/complaints to integrated platforms;

c) Establish technical and security criteria, and data usage permissions in compliance with law;

d) Remove integrated platforms showing violation signs upon state agency demand.

Article 36. E-contract certification services in commerce

1. Organizations providing e-contract certification services shall be granted licenses when meeting the following conditions:

a) Trust service conditions under electronic transaction law;

b) Real-time synchronized and authenticated e-contract data connection solutions.

2. Certified e-contract service providers shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Ensure confidentiality and certify integrity of stored and certified contracts;

b) Provide documentation and support state investigations into legal violations;

c) Publicly disclose operating rules ;

d) Connect to the E-Commerce Activity Management System for online status reporting;

dd) Securely store complete automated contract execution data.

3. The Government shall elaborate on this Article.

Chapter VI

APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING OF VIOLATIONS IN E-COMMERCE

Article 37. E-Commerce Activity Management System

1. The E-Commerce Activity Management System is built, managed, operated, and exploited by the Ministry of Industry and Trade to uniformly manage e-commerce, connected with the National Public Service Portal.

2. The system functions to:

a) Receive, process, and return online administrative procedure results nationwide;

b) Receive and process complaints/feedback regarding platform, seller, or support service violations;

c) Monitor, analyze, and issue risk warnings in e-commerce;

d) Receive and process e-commerce statistical reports;

dd) Publish lists of confirmed/registered platforms and licensed e-contract certifiers;

e) Publish lists of violating platforms, sellers, and support service providers.

3. The Government shall elaborate on this Article.

Article 38. E-commerce database

1. The e-commerce database shall align with national digital architecture frameworks, ensuring connection and data sharing.

2. Ministries, ministerial-leve agencies, and local authorities shall integrate national and specialized databases with the e-commerce database safely and efficiently.

3. Platform owners, support service providers, and relevant bodies shall supply and update accurate, complete, and timely database information.

4. The Government shall elaborate on this Article.

Article 39. Handling of violations in e-commerce

1. Organizations and individuals committing violations shall, depending on the nature, severity, and consequences, be subject to:

a) Administrative sanctions under administrative violation laws;

b) Access blocking, transaction function suspension, content removal, account termination, or removal from public lists of registered platforms/certifiers;

c) Mandatory remedial measures and restoration of lawful rights;

d) Damage compensation under civil law;

dd) Criminal prosecution if actions constitute criminal offenses.

2. The Government shall elaborate on Points a, b, and c of Clause 1 of this Article.

Chapter VII

IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS

Article 40. Effect

This Law shall take effect from July 01, 2026.

Article 41. Transitional provisions

1. E-commerce websites and applications with confirmed notifications or registrations prior to the effective date of this Law may continue operations under confirmed profiles until June 30, 2027.

2. E-contract certification service providers registered prior to the effective date of this Law may continue operations until June 30, 2027.

This Law was passed by the 15th National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam at its 10th session on December 10, 2025./.

For reference only